Free Essays on Mayas Vs. Incas

â€Å"Noble life demands a noble architecture for noble uses of noble men. Lack of culture means what it has always meant: ignoble civilization and therefore imminent downfall,† a quote from Frank Lloyd Wright. The Mayan and the Incan cultures were very different from one another. Who are the Incan people and the Mayan people and how did they relate and differ from each other? The Mayan empire was located in Mexico and Central America. The Maya area is situated in the southeastern part of Meso-America, which is also the most diverse land in the world. The Mayan civilization contained all of the Yucatn Peninsula, in the present-day Mexico, and parts of the present-day Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. There are two natural settings in the land of the Maya, highlands and lowlands. Volcanoes dominate the Mayan highlands, both extinct and active. This land curves down from southeastern Chipas towards lower Central America. Rain and erosion have made a rough landscape, with deep ravines, and there are few broad valleys. The highland vegetation is closely related to the soils and topography. On the tops of the slopes and ridges, pines and grasses grow. But down in the ravines where there’s moisture, oaks dominate. In the family life, immediately after birth, the babies’ parents went to consult with a priest to learn the destiny of their child and the name it was to have until baptism. The young men stayed apart from their families and they lived special houses where they learned about war. Girls were brought up by their mothers and suffered harsh punishments for the loss of their chastity. Marriages were arranged and there were strict rules about with whom an agreement could or couldn’t be formed with. Monogamy was general, but adultery was punished by death. In the government, political power over much of the Mayan area was in Mexican or Mexican- influenced control. Small towns were headed by t... Free Essays on Mayas Vs. Incas Free Essays on Mayas Vs. Incas â€Å"Noble life demands a noble architecture for noble uses of noble men. Lack of culture means what it has always meant: ignoble civilization and therefore imminent downfall,† a quote from Frank Lloyd Wright. The Mayan and the Incan cultures were very different from one another. Who are the Incan people and the Mayan people and how did they relate and differ from each other? The Mayan empire was located in Mexico and Central America. The Maya area is situated in the southeastern part of Meso-America, which is also the most diverse land in the world. The Mayan civilization contained all of the Yucatn Peninsula, in the present-day Mexico, and parts of the present-day Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. There are two natural settings in the land of the Maya, highlands and lowlands. Volcanoes dominate the Mayan highlands, both extinct and active. This land curves down from southeastern Chipas towards lower Central America. Rain and erosion have made a rough landscape, with deep ravines, and there are few broad valleys. The highland vegetation is closely related to the soils and topography. On the tops of the slopes and ridges, pines and grasses grow. But down in the ravines where there’s moisture, oaks dominate. In the family life, immediately after birth, the babies’ parents went to consult with a priest to learn the destiny of their child and the name it was to have until baptism. The young men stayed apart from their families and they lived special houses where they learned about war. Girls were brought up by their mothers and suffered harsh punishments for the loss of their chastity. Marriages were arranged and there were strict rules about with whom an agreement could or couldn’t be formed with. Monogamy was general, but adultery was punished by death. In the government, political power over much of the Mayan area was in Mexican or Mexican- influenced control. Small towns were headed by t...

Non-Hyphenation Is a Nonstarter

Non-Hyphenation Is a Nonstarter Non-Hyphenation Is a Nonstarter Non-Hyphenation Is a Nonstarter By Mark Nichol A friend of mine recently posted online a humorous observation to the effect that it’s ironic that non-hyphenation is hyphenated. In true word-nerd fashion, I figuratively cleared my throat and pushed my taped-together black horn-rimmed glasses up my nose before offering the deflating response that nonhyphenation does not in fact have a hyphen. (What are friends for?) My friend’s misapprehension is a common one. Hyphenation in prefixed words remains rampant in writing ranging from social media posts to scholarly journals, though style manuals have more or less long advocated minimizing their use. Why, then, the persistence of non-profit, multi-billion (as in â€Å"multi-billion dollar budget,† which errs also in lacking a hyphen before dollar), pre-approved, post-modern, and the like? First, some history: The hyphen began as an arc-shaped symbol called the enotikon, which was marked underneath letters in Greek script to denote a connection between two words. (The Greek term means â€Å"uniter.†) During the Middle Ages, a straight line with a similar role was adopted in Latin, and Gutenberg raised the symbol to the middle of the line of text, and furthermore adopted an angled double line resembling an equal sign at the end of a line, borrowing from writing of Latin script, when insufficient room remained to set an entire word with uniformly sized metal type, allowing him to break words to fit where necessary. (Many proofreaders who proof on paper still use an equal sign to denote a hyphen; the rationale for retaining the double line when marking proofs is that it is less likely than a single line to be missed or to be mistaken for an accidental mark.) The trend in English is to phase out hyphenation when terms become more familiar. British English has also historically been more conservative than American English about retaining hyphens not only in prefixed words but also in compound nouns, as in dining-room or shop-keeper, which are now in both forms of English open and closed, respectively; many such constructions were purged from the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary only in the last decade. Meanwhile, style guides strive to minimize inconsistency, but individual or regional preference and specialized occupational usage may resist progress. However, the most significant factor in the persistence of hyphens in prefixed words and in compounds may be that most people, including many professional writers, do not check dictionaries or style guides to verify or correct their assumptions, often relying on what they learned from (sometimes misinformed) teachers or from published resources- sometimes decades ago, before the hyphen became an endangered species in compounds and prefixed words. To recap (not re-cap): Hyphens in such constructions are the exception, not the rule. (They do have valid applications, as many DailyWritingTips.com posts discuss; search the site for â€Å"hyphen† or â€Å"hyphenation† for examples.) If you are inclined to hyphenate a prefixed word or a compound word, double-check a dictionary or a style guide for prevailing style before you commit yourself. There’s no hyphen, and thus no irony, in nonhyphenated. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Cost-Effective vs. Cost-EfficientItalicizing Foreign Words"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?

Managing Aircraft Maintenance Projects Successfully Research Proposal

Managing Aircraft Maintenance Projects Successfully - Research Proposal Example Regulations and common sense both mandate that each aircraft be the subject of a fully documented maintenance protocol towards ensuring the airworthiness and serviceability of the aircraft. Routine preventive maintenance, although well within the purview of common sense, is not a required part of the maintenance protocol. Within the aircraft maintenance protocol, each aircraft and the work required for its service is regarded as an individual project. The reality of aircraft maintenance project management (AMPM) is that several overlapping projects must be managed simultaneously. This presents major obstacles and difficulties for the aircraft maintenance organization in terms of resource management and utilization, budgetary constraints, priority conflicts and lead-time fulfillment. These considerations are compounded by several factors. Greater demands are being placed on aircraft as the number of passenger miles being flown trends upward over time. The number of aircraft being flown also trends upward but at a disproportionate rate. More importantly for the proposed research, the number of aviation maintenance technicians in the industry trends upward at a much lower rate, suggesting that the workload placed on maintenance technicians per capita is becoming ever greater. Air Transport Association o f America statistics for the 12-year period from 1983 to 1995 gives these increases as 187%, 70% and 27% respectively, supporting the ‘work overload’ factor of AMPM. Baron (2009) discusses at some length untoward events that can be attributed directly to the effects of fatigue experienced by aircraft maintenance personnel, and so to the project management practices of their working environments. It is important to note the finding recounted by Baron from a study conducted by Johnson et al in 2002. Based on quantitative and qualitative data, those authors discerned that in general, AMTs and AMEs working in aircraft maintenance services were

Comparing Two Companies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparing Two Companies - Research Paper Example Having been the fourth time for American Express to receive this recognition shows that there is uniqueness in the corporate ethics of the company. The company has a post known as the Chief Ethics & Compliance Office. The officer in this position is responsible for ensuring that there is a commitment by the company to ethics. This commitment is also ensured from the top administration to every level up to the bottom. The Johnson & Johnson Company has a values-based ethical culture. The company is mainly guided by the credo which is a training and guidance manual. This manual was created by the Josephson Institute of Ethics. The principles that guide the company’s ethics are on a stone at the company’s headquarters in New Brunswick. The values inscribed in the credo lay down the company’s base of operations. This has the implication that staff compliance to the same determines the success of the company. While many companies have a corporate compliance office head ed by the chief compliance officer or the Ethics Officer as exemplified by the American Express, this is not the case at Johnson & Johnson. The reasoning behind the exemption of such an office is that every staff member should value themselves at the sole guardians of the ethical principles as stipulated in the credo. In every meeting or conferencing of the company, time is set aside to discuss the credo. The American Express is guided by an integrity strategy with regard to corporate ethics. This is seen through its promotion of high standards that guide business behavior. It has a sound ethical environment that results in profitability. As observed, there is no ethics compliance office which makes every employee accountable for their code of ethics in all business operations. Profits have been recorded every year due to the fact that every staff member does their level best in a non-conditioned behavior to follow the ethics of the company. It is an integrity strategy because each employee must conduct themselves with integrity under no supervision when it comes to adherence to the code of ethics. The assumption is that when such ethics are leveled regardless of the level of employees, all feel that they have the same responsible in a bid to better the company. The company expects all employees including the executives to adhere to the set out codes of ethics with the same zeal. At Johnson & Johnson, it is more of a compliance strategy. The principles are laid out in the credo which is supposed to be followed religiously. This puts pressure on employees to do everything possible to not only hit the numbers, but to also keep their jobs. This is the reason that Johnson & Johnson has been recording losses and more so, having numerous lawsuits. The lawsuits are a result of products gone back and therefore not effective to customers. Perhaps employees are busy trying to follow the credo and the management pressure to deliver profitability. While the balance betwee n patients and profits is tricky, a compliance-based kind of statement of principles may not work effectively. The observation is that compliance standards do not work well in the pharmaceutical business. The American Express company has a better Corporate Ethics Program compared to Johnson & Johnson. Firstly, it is self-motivating in that employees are their own guardians. Staff members therefore feel a sense of self-responsibility towards bettering the company. The result is that profits are

Macbeth What are the roles of the witches Essay Example for Free

Macbeth What are the roles of the witches Essay Banquo himself appears at the end of the line with a mirror, thus implying an infinite number of descendants. Stupefied, Macbeth cannot believe his eyes and is angered to realize that despite all of his work, he wears a fruitless crown. The witches disappear and Lennox enters the haunt. He informs Macbeth that Macduff has run off to England. Macbeth decides that he must act out all of his thoughts and impulses. He determines to kill Macduffs wife and children as his first step of revenge. Double, double, toil and trouble; Fire burn, and cauldron bubble. These lines are two of the most famous in all of Shakespeares works. Interestingly, the chants of the Weird Sisters are not written in Shakespeares primary meter, iambic pentameter, but in a rapid meter called trochaic tetrameter. Most of Shakespeares enchanted verse is written in trochaic tetrameter. As the chanting went on with the sisters more gruesome things got thrown into the cauldron. The ingredients start fairly small and gradually get bigger and harder to find. It starts off with the witches throwing poisoned entrails in and ends up with them throwing a gut of a starving shark or a dragon scale. The witches know something evil is on its way to knock at there door. The second witch say: By the pricking of my thumbs, something wicked this way comes, Open locks, whoever knocks And guess who it is Macbeth. The witches made this evil potion because they knew that something evil was on its way. Its like they were expecting Macbeth to come and they seem quite excited about it as well. When the consequences of the murders of Duncan and Banquo are too much for him to handle, his primal instinct is to go back to the witches. They are now his only hope. It is an admission that he cannot control things any longer and from this point on in the play we just know he is going to die. He returns to the witches because they are his last straw. They are now his only hope. He has been hit by what the consequences could be for murdering Duncan and Banquo. He has gone back to seek advice and help from the witches. He doesnt know what to do next with his life. His life has been destroyed by evil and ambition combined. Macbeth again tries to control the witches he is commanding them to answer his questions: How now you secret, black and midnight hags! What ist you do? Tell me, thou unknown power He is trying to control them he tries to question them and overpower them. In the end the witches disappear because they dont like being commanded by anyone. Macbeth must be scared and confused in which the way the witches talk to him he asks them question and they give confusing and mysterious answers like: A deed without a name The three apparitions in Macbeth show: The first is an armed head, summoned to warn Macbeth that Macduff is coming back to Scotland to ruin him. The second apparition is a bloody child and it tells Macbeth that no man born of a woman can do him harm. This gives Macbeth great confidence: Then live Macduff: what need I fear of thee? . The third apparition is that of a child wearing a crown and holding a tree. It declares: Macbeth shall never vanquishd be until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill Shall come against him. Macbeth is secure that the third apparitions prophecy will never be, for who can impress the forest? or bid the tree unfix his earth-bound roots? Macbeth is misled by these apparitions he gets cocky and things no harm will come to him because he thinks that no one woman can live and that the Forrest cant move the only one that he is scared about is the third one where he is told that Banquos kids will be kings. There was no need to kill Mcduffs family Macbeth just got cocky. Macbeth thought he owned the world when he got told no woman born could harm him. At the beginning of the play Macbeth got compared to a brave and noble man, but at the end he is described as a butcher because he just killed living things for no purpose. He done it out of pure evil it werent even his family that he killed he killed his castle and everybody in it even his animals. In conclusion to this I think that by using the roles of the witches give off a nightmarish and evilness into the play. The witches were horrible characters. They just destroyed Macbeths life. I dont think that Macbeth was in charge of his own life. I think that Macbeths destiny lay in the hands of the witches from the beginning of the play to the end of the play. So overall I think the witches did give off an evil sense. Paul Carew 10B English Mr Lynn Page 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

Educational Theory of Teaching Writing Essay -- English Writing Teache

When I first encountered Paulo Freire’s work, I was struck with the hypocrisy of my own teaching. I had deluded myself into thinking, to a certain extent, that I was creating a democratic and equal space that was free from the influence of. It was a stark reminder last year when I encountered Richard Shaull’s introduction to Peter Freire’s The Pedagogy of the Oppressed. He writes, â€Å"There is no such things as a neutral educational process. Education either functions as an instrument that is used to facilitate the integration of the younger generation into the logic of the present system and bring about conformity to it, or it becomes the ‘practice of freedom,’ the means by which men and women deal critically and creatively with reality and discover how to participate in the transformation of their world† (Freire 16). Then, over the summer, as I delved into Lisa Delpit and Sonia Nieto’s work, I came face to face with the socio-econom ic reality of our education system, and how in some ways, I was not nearly as enlightened as I thought myself to be. According to Delpit, â€Å"Many liberal educators hold that the primary goal for education is for children to become autonomous, to develop fully who they are in the classroom setting without having arbitrary, outside standards forced upon them. This is a very reasonable goal for people whose children are already participants in the culture of power and who have already internalized its codes† (Delpit 28). I think that I fall into the category that Delpit discusses here. So many of my original assumptions about what I attempt to do in the classroom have been blown out of the proverbial water, and I am left with the question of what exactly am I doing in the classroom? I am specifically concerne... ... way in which I view grading my students’ essays. Despite the fact that I have found no clarity, perhaps it is the fact that I am still grappling with these issues, facing them on a daily level that keeps me an actively engaged teacher in the realm of teaching writing. Works Cited hooks, bell. Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom. New York, NY: Routledge, 1994. Delpit, Lisa. Other People’s Children: Cultural Conflict in the Classroom. The New Press, 1995. Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York, NY: Continuum Press, 1970. Bartholomae, David. â€Å"Writing with Teachers: A Conversation with Peter Elbow.† Cross-Talk in CompTheory. National Council of Teachers of English, 1997. Elbow, Peter. â€Å"Being a Writer vs. Being and Academic: A Conflict in Goals.† Cross-Talk In CompTheory. National Council of Teachers of English, 1997. Educational Theory of Teaching Writing Essay -- English Writing Teache When I first encountered Paulo Freire’s work, I was struck with the hypocrisy of my own teaching. I had deluded myself into thinking, to a certain extent, that I was creating a democratic and equal space that was free from the influence of. It was a stark reminder last year when I encountered Richard Shaull’s introduction to Peter Freire’s The Pedagogy of the Oppressed. He writes, â€Å"There is no such things as a neutral educational process. Education either functions as an instrument that is used to facilitate the integration of the younger generation into the logic of the present system and bring about conformity to it, or it becomes the ‘practice of freedom,’ the means by which men and women deal critically and creatively with reality and discover how to participate in the transformation of their world† (Freire 16). Then, over the summer, as I delved into Lisa Delpit and Sonia Nieto’s work, I came face to face with the socio-econom ic reality of our education system, and how in some ways, I was not nearly as enlightened as I thought myself to be. According to Delpit, â€Å"Many liberal educators hold that the primary goal for education is for children to become autonomous, to develop fully who they are in the classroom setting without having arbitrary, outside standards forced upon them. This is a very reasonable goal for people whose children are already participants in the culture of power and who have already internalized its codes† (Delpit 28). I think that I fall into the category that Delpit discusses here. So many of my original assumptions about what I attempt to do in the classroom have been blown out of the proverbial water, and I am left with the question of what exactly am I doing in the classroom? I am specifically concerne... ... way in which I view grading my students’ essays. Despite the fact that I have found no clarity, perhaps it is the fact that I am still grappling with these issues, facing them on a daily level that keeps me an actively engaged teacher in the realm of teaching writing. Works Cited hooks, bell. Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom. New York, NY: Routledge, 1994. Delpit, Lisa. Other People’s Children: Cultural Conflict in the Classroom. The New Press, 1995. Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York, NY: Continuum Press, 1970. Bartholomae, David. â€Å"Writing with Teachers: A Conversation with Peter Elbow.† Cross-Talk in CompTheory. National Council of Teachers of English, 1997. Elbow, Peter. â€Å"Being a Writer vs. Being and Academic: A Conflict in Goals.† Cross-Talk In CompTheory. National Council of Teachers of English, 1997.

Fish Oil Health Benefits

Fish oil health benefits are exaggerated, says a new study appearing in the Canadian Medical Association Journal. And yet, it warns, increased consumer demand for fish oil is pushing fish populations to the brink. Medical scientists from St. Michael's Hospital and the University of Toronto have teamed with researchers from the University of British Columbia's Fisheries Centre and author Farley Mowat to closely examine the effects of health claims with regard to seafood. For years, international agencies concerned with health and nutrition have promoted seafood consumption. â€Å"Our concern is that fish stocks are under extreme pressure globally and that studies are still urgently required to define precisely who will benefit from fish oil,† says Dr. David J. A. Jenkins, a doctor at St. Michael's Hospital and a professor at the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine's Department of Nutritional Sciences. Further, if we decide that fish oil supplementation is necessary for good health, then unicellular sources of ‘fish oil' like algae, yeasts, etc, should now be used, as they are in infant formula,† adds Dr. Jenkins. While some studies have reported fish oil health benefits healthy benefits, others have failed to show a significant effect. But these negative studies are often ignored and the result has been increased demand for seafood by consumers in the developed world, often at the expense of food security in developing nations. Governments and industry tell consumers to eat more fish because it is healthy,† explains Rashid Sumaila, director of the Fisheries Economics Research Unit at UBC Fisheries Centre and study co-author. â€Å"But where do we get these fish? They are increasingly coming from the waters around Africa and other places where food security is a problem. † At best, fish oils are just one factor out of many that may reduce ailments such as heart disease and researchers found that people who do not eat fish, such as vegetarians, are not at increased risk of illness. Furthermore, dietary recommendations to consume more fish are incompatible with the sustainability of ocean ecosystems, according to a concurrent study recently published in the International Journal of Epidemiology. â€Å"For people in Canada or the US, or in the EU, eating fish is one of many possible options, both in terms of a tasty meal, and in terms of a balanced diet,† says UBC fisheries researcher Daniel Pauly. â€Å"For many people in developing countries, fish is often their only source of protein. It would be irresponsible for us to ‘triage' food sources without verifying that fish oil indeed promotes human health. † Farley Mowat, co-author on this study, adds: â€Å"In the immediate future, human beings are going to have to find better ways to live. Our rape and pillage of the environment has to end before it becomes our end. The damage we have already done to life in the oceans is a prime example of our idiocy, and a last warning that we had better change our ways. â€Å"

Friar Lawrence is the only character to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Do you agree? Essay

Romeo and Juliet is a tragic love story between two ‘star-crossed lovers,† written in 1596 by William Shakespeare. It is set in the town of Verona, Italy, where two households – the Montagues and Capulets- are involved in an ancient feud. One character who was in the middle of it all was Friar Lawrence, whose actions are put to blame for the death of Romeo and Juliet. Shortly after Romeo and Juliet fell in love with each other, their next intention was to marry. friar Lawrence agreed to marry them hoping it would stop the family feud and bring peace. That, however, was not the case after the death of Tybalt on Romeo’s behalf which caused Romeo to be banished from Verona, and Juliet to be distraught. Especially since she was now being forced to marry count Paris, with agreement from Friar Lawrence even with his knowledge of Romeo and Juliet’s marriage. Showing his carelessness for other people and his selfish ways to make sure only he is happy. Which a re two flaws that he shoes through out the play, and why he is the the only character to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Naive is having or showing lack of judgement, or information. Which describes The Friar and his decisions he makes throughout the play. Friar Lawrence’s decision to marry Romeo and Juliet was an ambitious one due to his choice of not asking both parent’s, or talking to them before hand. This decision, however, made a huge impact on the rest of the play. The Friar’s thoughts were that marriage would stop the family feuds, as he had said to Romeo that the ‘alliance may so happy prove, to turn your households rancour to pure love.† Although he had good intentions, this thought soon turned deceitful, due to the parents not having knowledge of the marriage. This dishonestly towards them was due to his naive behaviour and just another reason for why he is to blame for the deaths or Romeo and Juliet. Foolishness is a key feature in many of the characters in the play. Friar Lawrence is a character who’s foolishness would have been one if his main regrets. After Romeo’s banishment from Verona, due to him murdering Tybalt, Juliet was told she was to marry Paris on thursday. Juliet’s reaction to the  news when the nurse informed her of the marriage was, â€Å"i pray you, tell my lord and father, madam, i will mot marry yet.† This was due to the fact she was still married to Romeo. The Friar also had knowledge of this but agreed to marry count Paris and Juliet anyway. Which also was deceitful to the parents. This, however, upset Juliet because of his dishonesty towards her marriage with Romeo. The Friar’s choices he made at this point show his foolish ways and his incautious decisions he had done which led up to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Selfishness and carelessness means having no care or concern for anyone but yourself. And Friar Lawrence showed he had these features when he made one of the biggest decisions in the play that has made him to be the reason for Romeo and Juliet’s death. It was The Friar who gave Juliet the sleeping potion to fake her death, knowing just as well that she was a heartbroken teenage girl who was not facing reality in her decision in wanting to die. He trusted Friar John to deliver a letter of great significance to Romeo, explaining the plan to him so that he would not believe Juliet is dead. Friar John was unsuccessful in delivering the letter and shows his incompetence when he says â€Å"I could not send it – here it is again.† These unthought and carless events resulted in the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Thus mistake of Friar Lawrence’s was his worst through the entire play and why an important decision such as faking a death should be dealt with personally. Not only does Friar Lawrence fail to give Romeo the letter which would have saved both their lives, but he selfishly leaves Juliet at the tomb, where she needed someone the most, because he does not want to get caught by the watchmen. Putting himself before Juliet and leaving her for his own benefit. And having her take her own life alongside her husband, with the Friar having mo waited a little longer, he might have been able to have stopped Juliet from using Romeo’s dagger to kill herself, and saved both lives of the teenagers. Many characters had a part in the lead up to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Although, the character with the overall blame for it, was Friar Lawrence. His actions and choices through out the play all ended all ended up with the deaths of the two teenagers, who trusted him the most. These actions were  made due to his naive, foolish and selfish behaviour that was shown through the play. From his dishonesty of not informing the families of the marriage in the first place, and agreeing to marry off Juliet to another man, and having her threaten to kill herself if he doesn’t help her to not marry him. It all led up to his worst decision, of giving Juliet the potion after she threatened to take her own life, and not caring enough to organise a better plan then he had, which all eventually resulted in the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Making him the only character to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet.

Bulimia nervosa essays

Bulimia nervosa essays In todays American society, eating disorders are extremely common. Many people believe that eating disorders have reached epidemic levels. In most cases eating disorders lead to serious and life-threatening medical conditions. Also, eating disorders often lead to physical and psychosocial morbidity in adolescent girls or young women. There are three different classifications of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and the atypical eating disorders. Bulimia nervosa is a much more common eating disorder then anorexia nervosa. Bulimia nervosa is a psychological eating disorder, which is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by purging or taking laxatives. Bulimia became a recognizable eating disorder when it was established in the 1980s (1). Most bulimics look normal, and are not underweight. Usually bulimia is caused in people who have an overvaluation of body shape and weight. Some triggers for bulimia are uncontrolled hunger and stress. Binge eating and purging is usually done in secret, but bulimics often display signals that can be detected. Opposed to anorexia, bulimia generally occurs later in life. Young adults are more susceptible to bulimia then adolescents. Approximately five percent of older adolescents and young adult females are bulimic. The ratio is 29:1 of females to males who have bulimia. An aspect that does not contribute to the chances of bulimia is social class. Bulimic wealthy people as well as the less fortunate bulimics are in equal proportions. However, there are often more white bulimics then black bulimics. In addition to ethnic background, worldly location also is a contributing factor. Bulimia is often a larger problem in predominantly western societies (3). There are many symptoms and warning signs that someone can be bulimic. Some of the subtle warning signs are hair loss, showing blood vessels in the eyes, and exercising compulsively. Another major sign is...

Kiva - Ancestral Pueblo Ceremonial Structures

Kiva - Ancestral Pueblo Ceremonial Structures A kiva is a special purpose building used by Ancestral Puebloan (previously known as Anasazi) people in the American southwest and Mexican northwest. The earliest, and simplest, examples of kivas are known from Chaco Canyon for the late Basketmaker III phase (500–700 CE). Kivas are still in use among contemporary Puebloan people, as a gathering place used when communities reunite to perform rituals and ceremonies.   Key Takeaways: Kiva A kiva is a ceremonial building used by Ancestral Puebloan people.The earliest are known from Chaco Canyon about 599 CE, and they are still used today by contemporary Puebloan people.  Archaeologists identify ancient kivas based on a series of architectural characteristics.They can be round or square, subterranean, semi-subterranean, or at ground level.  A sipapu in a kiva is a small hole thought to represent a door to the underworld. Kiva Functions Prehistorically, there was typically about one kiva for every 15 to 50 domestic structures. In modern pueblos, the number of kivas varies for each village. Kiva ceremonies today are mainly performed by male community members, although women and visitors can attend some of the performances. Among Eastern Pueblo groups kivas are usually round in shape, but among Western Puebloan groups (such as Hopi and Zuni) they are usually square. Although it is difficult to generalize across the entire American southwest over time, kivas likely function(ed) as meeting places, structures used by subsets of the community for a variety of socially integrative and domestic activities. Larger ones, called Great Kivas, are larger structures typically built by and for the whole community. They are typically greater than 30 m square in floor area. Kiva Architecture When archaeologists characterize a prehistoric structure as a kiva, they typically use the presence of one or more of several distinguishing traits, the most recognizable of which is being partly or completely underground: most kivas are entered through the roofs. The other common traits used to define kivas include deflectors, fire pits, benches, ventilators, floor vaults, wall niches, and sipapus. hearths or fire pits: hearths in the later kivas are lined with adobe brick and have rims or collars above the floor level and ash pits to the east or northeast of the hearthsdeflectors: a deflector is a method of keeping the ventilating wind from affecting the fire, and they range from stones set into the eastern lip of the adobe hearth to U-shaped walls partially surrounding the hearth complexventilator shafts oriented toward the east: all subterranean kivas need ventilation to be bearable, and roof ventilation shafts are typically oriented to the east although south-oriented shafts are common in the Western Anasazi region, and some kivas have second subsidiary openings to the west to provide increased airflow.benches or banquettes: some kivas have raised platforms or benches in place along the wallsfloor vaultsalso known as foot drums or spirit channels, floor vaults are subfloor channels radiating out from the central hearth or in parallel lines across the floorsipapus: a small h ole cut into the floor, a hole known in modern Puebloan cultures as shipap, the place of emergence or place of origin, where humans emerged from the underworld wall niches: recesses cut into the walls that may represent similar functions as sipapus and in some locations are part of painted murals These features arent always present in every kiva, and it has been suggested that in general, smaller communities used general use structures as occasional kivas, while larger communities had larger, ritually specialized facilities. Pithouse- Kiva Debate The main identifying characteristic of a prehistoric kiva is that it was built at least partly underground. This characteristic is linked by archaeologists to earlier subterranean but (mainly) residential pithouses, which were typical of ancestral Puebloan societies prior to the technological innovation of adobe brick. The changeover from subterranean houses as domestic residences to exclusively ritual functions is central to pithouse to pueblo transition models, associated as it is with the innovation of adobe brick technology. Adobe surface architecture spread across the Anasazi world between 900–1200 CE (depending on the region). The fact that a kiva is subterranean is not a coincidence: kivas are associated with origin myths  and the fact that theyre built subterranean may have to do with an  ancestral memory of when everyone lived underground. Archaeologists recognize when a pithouse functioned as a kiva by the characteristics listed above: but after about 1200, most structures were built above ground and subterranean structures stopped including features typical of a kiva. The debate centers on a handful of questions. Are those pithouses without kiva-like structures built after above-ground pueblos were common really kivas? Can it be that kivas built before above-ground structures are simply not being recognized? And eventually- is how archaeologists define a kiva truly representing kiva rituals? Mealing Rooms as Womens Kivas As has been noted in several ethnographic studies, kivas are primarily places where men congregate. Anthropologist Jeannette Mobley-Tanaka (1997) has suggested that womens rituals may have been associated with mealing houses. Mealing rooms or houses are subterranean structures where people (presumably women) ground maize. The rooms held artifacts and furniture associated with grain grinding, such as manos, metates, and hammerstones, and they also have corrugated pottery jars and bin storage facilities. Mobley-Tanaka noted that in her admittedly small test case, the ratio of mealing rooms to kivas is 1:1, and most mealing rooms were located geographically close to kivas. Great Kiva In Chaco Canyon, the better-known kivas were constructed between 1000 and 1100 CE, during the Classic Bonito phase. The largest of these structures are called Great Kivas, and large and small-sized kivas are associated with Great House sites, such as Pueblo Bonito, Peà ±asco Blanco, Chetro Ketl, and Pueblo Alto. In these sites, great kivas were built in central, open plazas. A different type is the isolated great kiva such as the site of Casa Rinconada, which probably functioned as a central place for adjacent, smaller communities. Archaeological excavations have shown that kiva roofs were supported by wooden beams. This wood, mainly from Ponderosa pines and spruces, had to come from a huge distance  since Chaco Canyon was a region poor of such forests. The use of timber, arriving at Chaco Canyon through such a long-distance network, must, therefore, have reflected an incredible symbolic power. In the Mimbres region, great kivas began to disappear by the mid-1100s or so, replaced by plazas, perhaps a result of contact with Mesoamerican groups on the Gulf Coast. Plazas provide public, visible space for shared communal activities in contrast to kivas, which are more private and hidden. Updated by K. Kris Hirst Selected Sources Crown, Patricia L., and W. H. Wills. Modifying Pottery and Kivas at Chaco: Pentimento, Restoration, or Renewal? American Antiquity 68.3 (2003): 511–32. Print.Gilman, Patricia, Marc Thompson, and Kristina Wyckoff. Ritual Change and the Distant: Mesoamerican Iconography, Scarlet Macaws, and Great Kivas in the Mimbres Region of Southwestern New Mexico. American Antiquity 79.1 (2014): 90–107. Print.Mills, Barbara J. What’s New in Chaco Research? Antiquity 92.364 (2018): 855–69. Print.Mobley-Tanaka, Jeannette L. Gender and Ritual Space During the Pithouse to Pueblo Transition: Subterranean Mealing Rooms in the North American Southwest. American Antiquity 62.3 (1997): 437–48. Print.Schaafsma, Polly. The Cave in the Kiva: The Kiva Niche and Painted Walls in the Rio Grande Valley. American Antiquity 74.4 (2009): 664–90. Print.

Democratic Republican National Convention 2003 Essay

Democratic Republican National Convention 2003 - Essay Example Miami-Dade has had a extensive record of hosting large scale exceptional events such as Super Bowls (1999, 2007, and 2011), Presidential Debates (2004), the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Conference in 2003, and the Summit of the Americas in 1994. In addition to that, Miami-Dade had the essential infrastructure in position (including lodge accommodation, international airport and seaport amenities, sports grounds with large space capacities), and a verified expertise in the setting up and implementation of large-scale special events that would meet the DRNC expectations. Additionally, the area’s temperate climate makes it a favored site for conventioneers from various different organizations. Getting the DRNC Convention is well thought-out to be a major coop for local officials owing to the expected positive impact that it will have on the area economy. Precedent political conventions such as this one are anticipated to have brought anywhere from $150 - $160 million to the home economies of the host city. In comparison, the 2007 Super Bowl is likely to have brought over $463 million to the local economy of the tri-county area consisting of Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach counties (Kan, 2006). Regardless of the economic payback, there is a negative aspect connected with these large-scale particular events. For instance, the expenditure for security arrangement and planning for the FTAA Conference in Miami in 2003 was anticipated to scale up to $23.9 million. The 2000 World Trade Organization (WTO) Conference in Seattle, Washington is approximated to have incurred cost of around $9.3 million indirect security expenditure. Further affected areas like King County and Washington State Patrol, accounted for an additional $6 million in security costs for that occasion. The figure above does not put into consideration for â€Å"indirect† costs connected with break